<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Worksheet>
<Version major="2021" minor="2"/>
<Label-Scheme value="2" prefix=""/>
<View-Properties presentation="true" autoexpanding_sections="true" UserProfileName="Perfil Padr\303\243o do Maple" NumericFormat-ApplyInteger="true" NumericFormat-ApplyRational="true" NumericFormat-ApplyExponent="false" editable="true">
</View-Properties>
<MapleNet-Properties prettyprint="3" warnlevel="3" compactdisplay="false" preplot="" helpbrowser="standard" displayprecision="-1" echo="1" scientificx="true" unitattributes="&quot;fontweight&quot; = &quot;bold&quot;" imaginaryunit="I" longdelim="true" elisiontermsthreshold="10000" elisiondigitsafter="100" elisiondigitsbefore="100" plotdevice="inline" errorbreak="1" plotoptions="" plotdriver="opengl" quiet="false" elisiontermsbefore="100" elisiontermsafter="100" historytimestamp="false" screenwidth="79" indentamount="4" plotoutput="terminal" screenpixelheight="1080" rtablesize="[10, 10]" useclientjvm="true" format="document" labelwidth="20" postplot="" typesetting="extended" ansi="false" ansicolor="[]" elisiondigitsthreshold="10000" showassumed="1" ansilprint="false" trailingsemicolon="true" errorcursor="false" labelling="true" screenheight="25" prompt="&gt; " verboseproc="1" latexwidth="8.0" ShowLabels="true"/>
<Styles>
<Font name="Heading 1" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="18" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Warning" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[0,0,255]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="2D Output" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,255]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Heading 4" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="true" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Line Printed Output" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[0,0,255]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Heading 2" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="16" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Maple Output" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="2D Inert Output" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="true" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[144,144,144]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Heading 3" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="true" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="14" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Diagnostic" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[40,120,40]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Ordered List 1" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Maple Input" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="true" family="Courier New" foreground="[120,0,14]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Text Output" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[0,0,255]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Ordered List 2" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Ordered List 3" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Ordered List 4" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Ordered List 5" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Annotation Title" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="18" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Header and Footer" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="10" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="HyperlinkError" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[255,0,255]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="true" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Atomic Variable" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[175,0,175]" italic="true" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="HyperlinkWarning" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[0,0,255]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="true" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Dictionary Hyperlink" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[147,0,15]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="true" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="2D Math" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="true" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Bullet Item" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Maple Plot" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Annotation Text" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="List Item" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Dash Item" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="2D Input" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="true" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Error" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[255,0,255]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="true" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Title" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="18" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Text" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Normal" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Caption Reference" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Code" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Courier New" foreground="[255,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Maple Input Placeholder" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="true" family="Courier New" foreground="[200,0,200]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="true"/>
<Font name="Equation Label" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Author" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Hyperlink" background="[255,255,255]" bold="false" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,128,128]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="true" placeholder="false"/>
<Font name="Caption Text" background="[255,255,255]" bold="true" executable="false" family="Times New Roman" foreground="[0,0,0]" italic="false" opaque="false" readonly="false" size="12" subscript="false" superscript="false" underline="false" placeholder="false"/>
<Layout name="Heading 1" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="8" spacebelow="4" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Warning" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Heading 4" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Line Printed Output" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="any" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Heading 2" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="8" spacebelow="2" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Maple Output" alignment="centred" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.3" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Heading 3" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Diagnostic" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="any" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Ordered List 1" alignment="left" bullet="numeric" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="-1" bulletsuffix="."/>
<Layout name="Text Output" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="newline" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Ordered List 2" alignment="left" bullet="alphabetic" firstindent="0" leftmargin="36" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="-1" bulletsuffix="."/>
<Layout name="Ordered List 3" alignment="left" bullet="roman" firstindent="0" leftmargin="72" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="-1" bulletsuffix="."/>
<Layout name="Ordered List 4" alignment="left" bullet="ALPHABETIC" firstindent="0" leftmargin="108" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="-1" bulletsuffix="."/>
<Layout name="Ordered List 5" alignment="left" bullet="ROMAN" firstindent="0" leftmargin="144" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="-1" bulletsuffix="."/>
<Layout name="Annotation Title" alignment="centred" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="12" spacebelow="12" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="HyperlinkError" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="HyperlinkWarning" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Bullet Item" alignment="left" bullet="dot" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Maple Plot" alignment="centred" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="List Item" alignment="left" bullet="indent" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Dash Item" alignment="left" bullet="dash" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="3" spacebelow="3" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Error" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Title" alignment="centred" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="12" spacebelow="12" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Normal" alignment="left" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="0" spacebelow="0" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Layout name="Author" alignment="centred" bullet="none" firstindent="0" leftmargin="0" rightmargin="0" linespacing="0.0" spaceabove="8" spacebelow="8" linebreak="space" pagebreak-before="false" initial="0" bulletsuffix=""/>
<Pencil-style name="Pencil 1" pen-color="[0,0,0]" pen-height="1.0" pen-width="1.0" pen-opacity="1.0"/>
<Pencil-style name="Pencil 2" pen-color="[0,0,255]" pen-height="1.0" pen-width="1.0" pen-opacity="1.0"/>
<Pencil-style name="Pencil 3" pen-color="[0,0,0]" pen-height="3.0" pen-width="3.0" pen-opacity="1.0"/>
<Pencil-style name="Pencil 4" pen-color="[0,0,255]" pen-height="3.0" pen-width="3.0" pen-opacity="1.0"/>
<Pencil-style name="Pencil 5" pen-color="[255,0,0]" pen-height="5.0" pen-width="5.0" pen-opacity="1.0"/>
<Highlighter-style name="Highlighter 5" pen-color="[255,255,0]" pen-height="48.0" pen-width="48.0" pen-opacity="0.8"/>
<Highlighter-style name="Highlighter 3" pen-color="[51,255,0]" pen-height="24.0" pen-width="24.0" pen-opacity="0.8"/>
<Highlighter-style name="Highlighter 4" pen-color="[0,255,255]" pen-height="32.0" pen-width="32.0" pen-opacity="0.8"/>
<Highlighter-style name="Highlighter 1" pen-color="[255,153,255]" pen-height="12.0" pen-width="8.0" pen-opacity="0.8"/>
<Highlighter-style name="Highlighter 2" pen-color="[255,204,0]" pen-height="14.0" pen-width="14.0" pen-opacity="0.8"/>
</Styles>
<Startup-Code startupcode=""/>
<Task/><Presentation-Block>
<Group view="presentation" inline-output="false" labelreference="L1" drawlabel="true" applyint="true" applyrational="true" applyexponent="false">
<Input><Text-field style="Text" layout="Normal"><Font encoding="UTF-8">Equa\303\247\303\265es diferenciais de primeira ordem

Como escrever e resolver uma equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial no Maple V

O primeiro passo para resolver uma equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial ordin\303\241ria (EDO) no Maple V \303\251 decidir qual a forma que vamos escrev\303\252-la como input do Maple V.

Uma equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial ordin\303\241ria de primeira ordem y' = f(x,y) pode ser escrita com comando de derivada de uma express\303\243o diff , por exemplo :

(1) equa\303\247\303\243o := diff(y(x),x) = f(x, y(x))

ou com operador D

(2) equa\303\247\303\243o := D(y)(x) = f(x,y(x))

No caso de uma equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial que \303\251 dada na forma P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy = 0 devemos escolher uma das vari\303\241veis y = y(x) ou x = x(y) como a vari\303\241vel dependente, isto \303\251, devemos escrever a equa\303\247\303\243o de uma das formas (3) ou (4) abaixo

(3) equa\303\247\303\243o := P(x,y) + Q(x,y)* D(y)(x) = 0

(4) equa\303\247\303\243o := P(x,y) *D(x)(y)+ Q(x,y) = 0

A exper\303\252ncia tem mostrado que o Maple \303\251 capaz de calcular a solu\303\247\303\243o geral ou espec\303\255fica para a maioria das equa\303\247\303\265es diferenciais cl\303\241ssicas que est\303\243o nos textos b\303\241sicos de c\303\241lculo.

A solu\303\247\303\243o geral ou espec\303\255fica de uma equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial \303\251 chamada no Maple de solu\303\247\303\243o exata (type = exact). A solu\303\247\303\243o exata de uma EDO escrita nas formas (1), (2), (3) acima \303\251 calculada com o comando dsolve explicitando a vari\303\241vel dependente e independente y(x)

dsolve( equa\303\247\303\243o, y(x))

O Maple resolve a equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial y' = f(x,y) com a condi\303\247\303\243o inicial y(a) = b com o comando

dsolve( { equa\303\247\303\243o , y(a) = b} , y(x) )

\303\211 importante lembrar que o retorno do comando dsolve \303\251, para o Maple, do tipo igualdade, na qual o segundo membro \303\251 a solu\303\247\303\243o, expl\303\255cita ou impl\303\255cita, na forma

y(x) = G(x)

y(x) = F(x,y) = C

\303\211 importante observar que isto n\303\243o quer dizer que y(x ) \303\251 uma fun\303\247\303\243o de x

Por exemplo, a equa\303\247\303\243o y' = y tem como solu\303\247\303\243o geral y = C exp(x) com C uma constante

&gt; restart;

&gt; EqDif := diff(y(x), x) - y(x) = 0;

[Maple Math]

&gt; dsolve(EqDif);

[Maple Math]

Se colocarmos uma condi\303\247\303\243o inicial [Maple Math]

&gt; Sol := dsolve( {diff(y(x),x) - y(x) = 0, y(0) = 2}, y(x) );

[Maple Math]

Se perguntarmos &quot; qual o \303\251 o tipo&quot; de dado do \303\272ltimo retorno obtemos( =) que \303\251 uma igualdade

&gt; whattype(%);

[Maple Math]

Muitas vezes queremos utilizar a solu\303\247\303\243o 2 exp(x) para usos posteriores, tais como, plotar o gr\303\241fico. Para isto devemos isolar o segundo membro da igualdade acima com rhs (right hand size)

&gt; EXpr := rhs(Sol);

[Maple Math]

&gt; plot(EXpr, x=-2..2); plota a solu\303\247\303\243o no intervalo [-2,2]

[Maple Plot]

&gt;

Solu\303\247\303\265es exatas de equa\303\247\303\265es diferenciais

Daremos a seguir alguns exemplos de situa\303\247\303\265es que poder\303\243o ocorrer ao resolver uma equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial de modo exato.

Aten\303\247\303\243o : Ao resolver uma equa\303\247\303\243o diferencial do modo exato, \303\251 recomend\303\241vel escrever todas as constantes num\303\251ricas na forma de n\303\272meros inteiros ou de fra\303\247\303\265es. O Maple pode n\303\243o efetuar integra\303\247\303\265es se as constantes forem dadas na forma de uma real com ponto flutuante.

Exemplo 1 . Situa\303\247\303\265es em que o Maple apresenta mais de uma solu\303\247\303\243o

O Maple pode dar uma ou mais respostas como solu\303\247\303\243o de um problema de valor inicial, contrariando, muitas vezes, o resultado que \303\251 esperado te\303\263ricamente. Destacamos aqui duas situa\303\247\303\265es em que isto pode ocorrer:

1) A equa\303\247\303\243o dada tem solu\303\247\303\243o geral que \303\251 impl\303\255cita mas a equa\303\247\303\243o n\303\243o tem solu\303\247\303\243o no ponto inicial dado. Por exemplo, a equa\303\247\303\243o exata [Maple Math] tem solu\303\247\303\243o geral [Maple Math] , mas com a condi\303\247\303\243o inicial [Maple Math] este problema n\303\243o tem solu\303\247\303\243o com a vari\303\241vel dependente [Maple Math] .

&gt; restart;

&gt; Circulos := 2*x + 2*y(x)*D(y)(x) = 0;

[Maple Math]

&gt; dsolve( Circulos, y(x) ); solu\303\247\303\243o geral

[Maple Math]

&gt; dsolve( {Circulos, y(1)=0}, y(x) ); duas &quot;solu\303\247\303\265es&quot;

[Maple Math]

2) A equa\303\247\303\243o dada apresenta solu\303\247\303\243o geral impl\303\255cita, que \303\251 uma equa\303\247\303\243o (de graus 2, 3 ou 4) na vari\303\241vel y(x) e queremos resolver a equa\303\247\303\243o com uma condi\303\247\303\243o inicial. Neste caso o Maple V faz &quot;um esfor\303\247o&quot; para encontrar &quot;as solu\303\247\303\265es&quot; explicitamente e, ap\303\263s encontr\303\241-las, ele nos apresenta todas as respostas, incluindo aquelas que s\303\243o complexas. A solu\303\247\303\243o procurada \303\251 uma das respostas mas o Maple V n\303\243o nos inidica qual. O Maple sempre apresenta a solu\303\247\303\243o complexa do problema que podemos n\303\243o estar interessado

Por exemplo, a equa\303\247\303\243o [Maple Math] tem solu\303\247\303\243o \303\272nica y(x) com a condi\303\247\303\243o inicial [Maple Math] . A restri\303\247ao do dom\303\255nio da solu\303\247\303\243o deve ser tal que -1 &lt; y &lt; 1.

&gt; restart;

&gt; Cubicas := - x^2 + (1-y(x)^2)*D(y)(x) = 0;

[Maple Math]

&gt; SolCub := dsolve(Cubicas, y(x)); solu\303\247\303\243o geral \303\251

[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]

&gt; dsolve({ Cubicas, y(0)=0}, y(x)); apresenta duas solu\303\247\303\265es complexas

[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]

&gt;

Um modo de resolver o problema \303\251 calcular a solu\303\247\303\243o impl\303\255cita do problema de valor inicial [Maple Math] substituindo os valores [Maple Math] e [Maple Math] na solu\303\247\303\243o geral e calcular o valor da constante. Por exemplo,

&gt; subs({y(x)=0, x=0}, SolCub);

[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]

&gt; _C1 := solve(%, _C1);

[Maple Math]

&gt;

Observa\303\247\303\243o: Um outro modo de resolver as situa\303\247\303\265es (1) e (2) acima \303\251 trocar a vari\303\241vel dependente y(x) por x(y). Este procedimento pode n\303\243o funcionar de modo geral.

&gt;

Exemplo 2 : A solu\303\247\303\243o da equa\303\247\303\243o envolve fun\303\247\303\265es que s\303\243o definidas internamente no Maple.

Muitas vezes o Maple n\303\243o consegue fazer certas integrais. Neste caso as integrais s\303\243o deixadas indicadas. Em outras equa\303\247\303\265es as solu\303\247\303\265es podem ser dadas em termos de fun\303\247\303\265es internas do Maple tais como, erf(x) (fun\303\247\303\243o erro), sign(x) (fun\303\247\303\243o sinal =1 se x &gt; 0 , = -1 se x &lt; 0), Heaviside(x) (=1 se x &gt; 0, = 0 se x &lt; 0), fun\303\247\303\265es de Bessel ou outras fun\303\247\303\265es que est\303\243o descritas no arquivo inifcns (initial functions). Por exemplo :

&gt; restart;

&gt; dsolve( {diff(y(x), x) = exp(x^3), y(1)=2}, y(x) ); o Maple deixa indicado na vers\303\243o 4, mas aqui ele deixa em termos da fun\303\247\303\243o Gama

[Maple Math]
[Maple Math]

&gt; Int(exp(-t^2), t=0..x) = int(exp(-t^2), t=0..x); define a func\303\243o erro, a menos de uma constante

[Maple Math]

&gt; restart;

&gt; dsolve( D(y)(x)-2*x*y(x) -1 = 0, y(x)); a solu\303\247\303\243o envolve a fun\303\247\303\243o erro

[Maple Math]

O comando dsolve pode ser usado com uma op\303\247\303\243o que permite explicitar a solu\303\247\303\243o em termos da vari\303\241vel independente optando-se por explicit = true , ( o default no Release 4 \303\251 explicit = false ), por exemplo :

&gt; restart;

&gt; ed1 := 2*sin(x)*cos(x) + cos(y(x))*sin(x)*D(y)(x) = 0;

[Maple Math]

&gt; dsolve(ed1, y(x)); temos a solu\303\247\303\243o expl\303\255cita nesta vers\303\243o

[Maple Math]

&gt;

Exemplo 4 : Problema com duas solu\303\247\303\265es e transforma\303\247\303\243o de solu\303\247\303\243o complexa em real

O Maple V resolve as equa\303\247\303\265es diferenciais pressupondo que as vari\303\241veis s\303\243o complexas, se n\303\243o houver nenhuma ressalva poder\303\241 haver respostas envolvendo fun\303\247\303\265es de vari\303\241veis complexas. A equa\303\247\303\243o [Maple Math] tem duas solu\303\247\303\265es y(x) = 0 e [Maple Math] para a condi\303\247\303\243o [Maple Math] , isto \303\251, [Maple Math] \303\251 um ponto singular. O Maple V fornece as solu\303\247\303\265es na seguinte forma

&gt; restart;

&gt; dsolve( {-y(x)+ (2*y(x)-x)*D(y)(x) = 0, y(0)=0}, y(x));

[Maple Math]

Se x \303\251 real e positivo temos as duas solu\303\247\303\265es escritas de um modo &quot;um tanto estranhas&quot;. Se pensamos que x \303\251 uma vari\303\241vel real ent\303\243o a primeira solu\303\247\303\243o \303\251 tal que y(x) = 0 se x &gt; 0 e y(x) = x se [Maple Math] .

Este tipo de resposta do Maple V tamb\303\251m ocorre para pontos iniciais nos quais temos uma \303\272nica solu\303\247\303\243o. Por exemplo, se tomamos a condi\303\247\303\243o inicial y(0) =1, temos a solu\303\247\303\243o y(x) = 0 que \303\251 v\303\241lida somente para os valores x &gt; 0, pois x = 0 \303\251 um ponto singular. O Maple V fornece a mesma resposta da condi\303\247\303\243o inicial anterior. A restri\303\247\303\243o do dom\303\255nio da solu\303\247\303\243o n\303\243o \303\251 fornecida

&gt; restart;

&gt; s := dsolve( { -y(x)+(2*y(x)-x)*D(y)(x)=0, y(1)=0}, y(x));

[Maple Math]

&gt; simplify(s[1]); na respota aparece a fun\303\247\303\243o sinal de um n\303\272mero complexo csgn(x)

[Maple Math]

&gt; assume(x &gt; 0); assumindo x positivo

&gt; simplify({s[1], s[2]}); a letra x~ \303\251 a vari\303\241vel x com a restri\303\247\303\243o x &gt; 0 a qual fica v\303\241lida para o resto do arquivo corrente do Maple V.

[Maple Math]

Para retornar a vari\303\241vel x geral (complexa) reinicializamos com restart e verificamos

&gt; restart; x;

[Maple Math]

&gt;

Voltar para o Sum\303\241rio</Font></Text-field>
</Input>
</Group></Presentation-Block>
</Worksheet>